Cuestionario Revisado de Personalidad de Eysenck (versión reducida): análisis con la teoría de respuesta al ítem / Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Brief Version): Analysis with Item Response Theory

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es aportar nuevas evidencias de calidad psicométrica para la adaptación argentina de la versión reducida del Cuestionario de Personalidad de Eysenck (EPQ-RS). Participaron 1136 personas de población general (52.5% femenino, edad media = 29.6 años, DE = 11.9) residentes en Buenos Aires, Argentina. La adaptación argentina se compone de 42 ítems con formato de respuesta dicotómica. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio a partir de la matriz de correlaciones tetracóricas. Esto permitió replicar la estructura propuesta por Eysenck para el modelo PEN (Psicoticismo-Extraversión-Neuroticismo) y la escala Sinceridad. Posteriormente, se ajustó el modelo logístico de dos parámetros por separado para los ítems de cada escala. Los ítems no mostraron funcionamiento diferencial según género. La discriminación de los ítems resultó moderada-alta. Los parámetros b se localizaron en rangos acotados de cada uno de los rasgos medidos, lo que originó que la precisión de las escalas varíe en el recorrido de los continuos. La escala Neuroticismo aporta más información en niveles medios del rasgo, Psicoticismo en los medio-bajos y Extraversión en los medio-altos. La escala Sinceridad mostró una función de información relativamente plana en todo el recorrido del rasgo. Se brindan evidencias de validez basadas en la relación con otras pruebas que miden facetas del neuroticismo y sintomatología. Las evidencias de validez y confiabilidad obtenidas ofrecen garantías de calidad suficientes para la aplicación de este instrumento en el contexto local y confirman la vigencia del modelo teórico que operacionaliza el EPQ-RS.

Abstract The aim of this work is to provide new evidence of psychometric quality for the Argentinean adaptation of the brief version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-RS). 1136 people from the general population (52.5% female, mean age = 29.6 years, SD = 11.9) residing in Buenos Aires, Argentina participated. The Argentinean adaptation consists of 42 items with dichotomous response format. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed from the tetrachoric correlation matrix. This allowed replicating the structure proposed by Eysenck for the PEN model (Psychoticism - Extroversion - Neuroticism) and the Lie scale. Subsequently, the two-parameter logistic model was adjusted separately for the items of each scale. The items did not show differential functioning by gender. Items discrimination was moderate-high. Parameters b were located in narrow ranges of each one of the measured traits, which caused the precision of the scales to vary along the trait continuums. The Neuroticism scale provides more information at medium levels of the trait, Psychoticism in the medium-low and Extraversion in the medium-high. The Lie scale showed a relatively flat information function throughout the trait. Evidence of validity based on the relationship with other tests that measure facets of neuroticism and symptomatology is provided. The evidence of validity and reliability obtained offers sufficient quality guarantees for the application of this instrument in the local context and confirms topicality of the theoretical model that operationalizes the EPQ-RS.

DSM-5 Pathological Personality Traits Among College Students / Rasgos de Personalidad Patológica según el DSM-5 en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios

Abstract Individuals with personality pathology exhibit significant impairment in intrapersonal and interpersonal functioning that compromise psychological welfare of significant others. However, common pathological personality traits in college students remain unclear. This study aimed to describe pathological personality traits identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., DSM-5) Section III alternative model of personality disorder in college students. This is a quantitative, non-experimental, cross-sectional study. Participants were 81 college students from a Colombian University who were administered the Personality Inventory for DSM-5. Findings suggest that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). A medium size effect was found (p> 0.039) through the ( 2 index. The remaining variables did not prove statistically significant differences when controlling the participant gender (p < 0.05). The personality domain that reached the most dysfunctionality was disinhibition (risk taking, impulsivity, rigid perfectionism). Negative affect had the highest mean score and gender differences in facets and domains showed that women scored significantly higher than men on hostility. However, more studies into the pathological personality traits established by the PID-5 is required if the shift to a dimensional model is likely to occur in future editions of the DSM.

Resumen Las personas con patologías de la personalidad exhiben un deterioro significativo en el funcionamiento inter-intrapersonal que compromete el bienestar psicológico de los más cercanos. Sin embargo, los rasgos de personalidad patológica más comunes en estudiantes universitarios aún no son muy claros. Este estudio busca describir los rasgos de personalidad patológica identificados en el manual diagnóstico y estadístico de trastornos mentales (DSM-5), en estudiantes universitarios. Este es un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, no experimental. Los participantes fueron 81 estudiantes del programa de psicología de una Universidad Colombiana quienes fueron evaluados por medio del Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5. Los hallazgos sugieren que las mujeres tuvieron puntuaciones significativamente más altas que los hombres en hostilidad (z=-2.577; p=0.01; n 2 = 0.082). Se encontró un tamaño del efecto medio (p> 0.039) por medio del índice ( 2 . En las demás variables no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al género (p < 0.05). Inhibición presentó el grado más alto de disfuncionalidad. Afecto negativo obtuvo la puntuación promedio más alta y las diferencias de género muestran que las mujeres tienden a ser más hostiles que los hombres. Sin embargo, son necesarios más estudios sobre los rasgos de personalidad patológica propuestos por el Inventario de personalidad para el DSM-5 si a futuro se propone un modelo dimensional.

Study on personality traits of patients with functional dyspepsia / 中华消化杂志

Objective To explore the personality traits of patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) . Methods From October 2016 to May 2017 ,80 patients with FD who were admitted to the Department of Gastroenterology ,Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were enrolled ,among them 40 patients were in the depression and anxiety group and 40 patients were in the non depression or anxiety group .In addition ,40 healthy controls who underwent physical examination at the same period were included .Four dimensions including extroversion ,neuroticism ,psychoticism and masking of the subjects were analyzed by Eysenck personality questionnaire and their personality traits were evaluated .T-test and chi-square test were performed for statistical analysis .Results The extroversion scores of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 8 .18 ± 3 .80 , 8 .65 ± 4 .16 and 10 .95 ± 3 .40 ,respectively ;and the scores of the depression and anxiety group and the non depression or anxiety group were both lower than that of the healthy control group , and the differences were statistically significant (t= -3 .443 and -2 .708 ,both P< 0 .01) .The neuroticism scores of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 16 .23 ± 4 .65 ,13 .58 ± 4 .54 and 13 .23 ± 4 .64 ,respectively ;the neuroticism score of the depression and anxiety group was higher than those of the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group ,and the differences were statistically significant (t=2 .579 and 2 .887 ,both P< 0 .05);however there was no statistical significant difference between the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group (P>0 .05) .The psychoticism scores of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 7 .30 ± 3 .16 ,5 .93 ± 2 .50 and 4 .93 ± 1 .87 ,respectively ;the psychoticism score of the depression and anxiety group was higher than those of the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy controls , and the differences were statistically significant (t=2 .158 and 4 .086 ,both P<0 .05);and the score of the non depression or anxiety group was higher than that of the healthy control group ,and the difference was statistically significant (t=2 .027 ,P= 0 .046) .The masking scores of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 13 .48 ± 4 .24 ,11 .68 ± 4 .64 and 11 .10 ± 3 .93 , respectively ,the score of the depression and anxiety group was higher than that of the healthy control group ,and the difference was statistically significant (t= 2 .598 , P= 0 .011) . The percentages of introversional personality of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 30 .0％ (12/40 ) ,30 .0％ (12/40 ) and 7 .5％ (3/40 ) , respectively ;the percentages of the depression and anxiety group and the non depression or anxiety group were both higher than that of the healthy control group ,and the differences were statistically significant (both χ2 =5 .251 , P=0 .022) .The percentages of psychotic personality of the depression and anxiety group ,the non depression or anxiety group and the healthy control group were 77 .5％ (31/40) ,65 .0％ (26/40) and 45 .0％ (18/40) , respectively ;the percentage of the depression and anxiety group was higher than that of the healthy control group ,and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=8 .901 ,P=0 .003) .Conclusions The characteristics of personality traits of FD patients are introversion ,neuroticism and psychoticism .Whether FD patients are associated with anxiety and depression is related to neuroticism and psychoticism .Psychological interventions can effectively improve the clinical symptoms of some FD patients .

Parental monitoring predict externalizing problem in adolescents: the mediating role of peer delinquency and the moderating role of psychoticism / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the influence of parental monitoring,peer delinquency and psychoticism on externalizing problem in adolescents.Methods 2 504 adolescents aged 10-16 from 7 provinces in China participated in the surveys with externalizing problem,parental monitoring,peer delinquency and psychoticism were measured.The mediating effect of peer delinquency and the moderating effect of psychoticism were tested by stepped multiple linear regression and Bootstrap procedures.Results ①The scores of maternal monitoring,paternal monitoring,psychoticism,peer delinquency and externalizing problem were (4.02±1.00),(3.49±1.19),(3.10±2.77),(1.25±0.27) and (5.10±4.63) respectively;②Parental monitoring negatively predicted externalizing problem in adolescents(βmother =-1.240,βfather =--0.981,P＜0.05).③Peer delinquency played a partial mediating role in the relation between parental monitoring and externalizing problem,the percentages of mediating effect to total effect respectively were 25.0％ and 26.2％.④The mediation effect of peer delinquency was moderated by psychoticism (a1b3mother =-0.016,a1b3father =-0.014,P＜0.05).Conclusion Psychoticism moderated the mediation effect of peer delinquency in the relation between parental monitoring and externalizing problem in adolescents.

Personal characteristics of paradoxical insomnia: A case-control study / 中南大学学报(医学版)

Objective:To compare the personal characteristics between the patients with paradoxical insomnia and the patients with primary insomnia or the normal sleepers.Methods:A case-control study with the proportion at 1∶1∶1 was carried out.The patients with paradoxical insomnia were diagnosed in Sleep Medicine Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University between March 2013 and December 2013.A case of paradoxical insomnia was matched with two controls:a primary insomnia patient and a normal sleeper.A total of 63 matched cases were collected.A face-to-face survey was conducted by using the following scales:General Data Scale and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ).Results:The average scores of psychoticism,extraversion,and neuroticism for paradoxical insomnia cases were (52.1±10.2),(49.6±9.8),and (56.0±12.0),respectively.In general,31.7% of paradoxical insomnia patients had psychoticism or psychoticism tendency in their personality,which were more obvious than those in primary insomnia patients (7.9%) (x2=l 1.228,p0.0125).Conclusion:The personal characteristics for paradoxical insomnia patients did not reached obviously abnormal level.However,their psychoticism tendency,extroversion tendency and neuroticism tendency needed to be paid attention.

Informação geral e atual e sua relação com a inteligência e a personalidade em crianças escolares / General and current information and its relationship with the student's intelligence and personality

Investiga-se a relação entre inteligência, personalidade e nível de informação geral e atual de escolares do Estado de Minas Gerais. Duas amostras participaram do estudo: a primeira proveniente de escolas de três níveis de vulnerabilidade social de Belo Horizonte (MG) (n=600), e a segunda de escolas municipais da cidade de Perdões (MG) (n=215). Ambas as amostras foram submetidas ao teste Raven e ao Questionário de Informações Gerais e Atuais. A segunda amostra realizou o Eysenck Questionnaire Personality e o subteste Informação do WISC-III. Os resultados mostraram uma associação consistente entre inteligência e o Questionário de Informações Gerais e Atuais, mesmo controlando-se o efeito da vulnerabilidade social das escolas (r=0,431). Uma path analyses mostrou predição independente da inteligência (0,430) e da dimensão Psicoticismo (-0,18) sobre Questionário de Informações Gerais e Atuais, após controle da idade e da covariância entre os preditores. Conclui-se que a inteligência explica as diferenças de Questionário de Informações Gerais e Atuais duas vezes mais do que a personalidade.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intelligence, personality and the extent of general and current information of students in the state of Minas Gerais. Two sample groups participated. The first was composed of students from three socially vulnerable levels from the city of Belo Horizonte (n=600), and the second group came from public schools in the city of Perdões (n=215). The Raven's Progressive Matrices Test and a General Information Questionnaire were applied for both samples. In addition, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the WISC-III Information test were applied to the second sample. The results indicated a consistent relationship between intelligence and General Information Questionnaire, even after smoothing the effect of the social vulnerability of the schools (r=0.431). A path analysis showed an independent effect of intelligence (r=0.430) and of the Psychoticism dimension (-0.18) on the General Information Questionnaire, even after the smoothing of age and covariance between predictors. It may be concluded that intelligence explains General Information Questionnaire differences twice as much as does personality.

Personalidade e religiosidade/espiritualidade (R/E): [revisão] / Personality and religiousness/spirituality (R/E): [review]

CONTEXTO: Embora existam muitos estudos relacionando o contexto religioso com a saúde física e mental, há poucas pesquisas sobre a interface entre religiosidade/espiritualidade (R/E) e personalidade. OBJETIVOS: O objetivo principal foi revisar as evidências empíricas de investigações sobre a relação entre religiosidade, espiritualidade e personalidade. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um levantamento da produção acadêmica por meio das bases de dados virtuais: PubMed e PsychInfo, com artigos indexados até janeiro de 2008 e utilizando as combinações: "personality and spiritu*" e "personality and religio*" Além disso, foram pesquisados os artigos presentes em uma metanálise sobre o tema. RESULTADOS: Alta Religiosidade está associada a baixo Psicoticismo e a alta Amabilidade e Conscienciosidade. Conscienciosidade em adolescentes pode ser um preditor significante para a maior religiosidade na adultez jovem. E a dimensão de Religiosidade é mais provável candidata a residir além dos cinco grandes fatores de personalidade. CONCLUSÃO: A crença em uma dimensão de Religiosidade, em uma realidade transcendente ou em um Deus pessoal, em alguns casos, parece não possuir correspondências entre quaisquer dos cinco fatores de personalidade. Isso parece indicar que a R/E seja um potencial sexto fator de personalidade que não está presente nos modelos de personalidade atuais.

BACKGROUND: Although there are many studies linking the religious context with fisical and mental health, there is little research on the interface between religiousness/spirituality and personality. OBJECTIVES: The main goal was to review the empirical research on the relationship between religiosity, spirituality and personality. METHODS: A survey of the academic production through virtual databases: PubMed and PsychInfo, published until January of 2008 and using the combinations: "personality and spiritu*" and "personality and religio*" was conducted, in addition to articles presented in a meta-analysis about the subject. RESULTS: High Religiousness is associated with low Psychoticism and high Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Conscientiousness in adolescents can be a significant predictor for the higher religiosity in the early adulthood. And the dimension of Religiosity seems to be a potentially candidate to be beyond the Big Five. DISCUSSION: The belief in a dimension of Religiosity, in a transcendent reality or in a personal God, in some cases, does not seem to show associations between any of the five factors of personality. This can indicate that the R/E is a potential sixth factor of personality that is not present in the current models of personality.

Influencia de la cantidad y la calidad subjetiva de sueño en diversas características de personalidad

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: In relation to individual differences in the habitual duration of sleep, a distinction can be established between subjects having a short sleep pattern (6 hours or less of sleep per night), subjects with an intermediate sleep pattern (between 7 and 8 hours of sleep), and subjects with a long sleep pattern (more than 9 hours of sleep). The reason for these individual differences in sleep duration is unknown. Diverse studies have been carried out in an attempt to understand if psychological or physiological differences exist in people with distinct sleep patterns. Recently, it has been demonstrated that sleeping less and, paradoxically, sleeping more than the sleep quantity associated with the intermediate sleep pattern (7-8 hours) has a negative impact on physical health. On the contrary, studies about possible psychological differences between different sleep patterns are almost nonexistent. Some studies that analyze variables regarding vigilance suggest that subjects with a long sleep pattern have a poorer performance in tests of vigilance than subjects who have a short sleep pattern. In turn, subjects with short sleep pattern appear to have more academic efficiency problems and appear to show a more depressed mood state than the subjects belonging to the other sleep pattern groups. One aspect that has been scarcely analyzed, with the exception of the classic works by Hartmann and Hicks in the 1970's, is if sleep patterns differ according to personality characteristics. The dimensions of personality which have received more attention have been extraversion and neuroticism, and none of the majority of studies has observed any significative differences in function of sleep patterns. Nevertheless, in the case of neuroticism, results are contradictory and there exist also reports that observe differences in sleep pattern function. It is important to emphasize that in these studies the quantity of sleep was not considered along with other essential aspects of sleep such as quality. Perhaps this aspect could explain a part of the inconsistent findings in the literature. On the other hand, psychoticism, which along with extraversion and neuroticism constitutes the third big dimension of the known tripartite model of personality, has been the least investigated personality dimension. Again, no work exists which analyzes the relations between the pattern of sleep and the dimension of personality of cognitive limits more recently proposed by Hartmann. The present study is a part of a wider investigation, the objective of which is to analyze the relations between the subjective quantity and quality of sleep and psychological variables in healthy individuals. This paper is centered on the influence of the pattern of sleep (short, intermediate, and long), the subjective quality of sleep (high, medium, or low) and the possible interaction between both factors in the personality dimensions of neuroticism, psychoticism, and cognitive limits. The sample was composed of 125 healthy students (110 women and 15 males) with ages ranging from 18 to 26 years old. The participants were selected according to their responses to a sleep questionnaire created for this purpose, which explored the habits of sleep, the state of medical health, past and present psychological condition, and possible use of medication. All the subjects selected showed good medical and psychological health, they did not use any type of medication, nor did they belong to any extreme morning or evening type of circadian rhythm. Each subject had a regular bedtime hour between 11:30 p.m. and 2:30 a.m. and waking hour between 7:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. The subjects selected were divided into three groups in accordance with the number of hours they habitually slept in order to feel good during the day: 1. subjects with short sleep pattern (n=20), 2. subjects with intermediate sleep pattern (n=82) and finally, 3. subjects with long sleep pattern (n=23). Additionally, other three groups were established within each of the sleep patterns considering if the quality of sleep was high, medium, or low. In short sleep pattern group the quality of sleep reported as high, medium, and low was 25%, 40%, and 35%, respectively. These percentages were 42.68%, 43.9%, and 13.41% in the group with an intermediate sleep pattern; and 30.43%, 52.17%, and 17.39% in the group with a long sleep pattern. The personality dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism were evaluated with The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-A). The cognitive boundaries were evaluated with The Boundary Questionnaire (BQ). In addition, subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (which have not been taken into consideration here). The criteria of exclusion were a score higher than 18 on the BDI or the BAI and a score higher than 70 on the dimensions of neuroticism and psychoticism. These last exclusions were established to make assure the subjects were free of psychological dysfunction. Two-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) were performed to assess the effects of the quantity of sleep (short, intermediate, or long sleep pattern), and the subjective quality of sleep (high, medium, or low) and the possible interaction between both factors in the case of each variable. The Levene test was used to examine variance homogeneity. Likewise, the Scheffé Test (for equal variances) and the Tamhane Test (for unequal variances) were used as post hoc contrast statistics. The results showed the dimension of neuroticism was influenced by subjective sleep quality, but not by habitual sleep duration. Subjects with a poor subjective sleep quality scored higher on neuroticism (15.14) than those who had a medium (13.23) or good (9,96) sleep quality. Contrarily, the personality dimension of psychoticism was influenced by sleep quantity, but not quality. Subjects with a low sleep pattern scored slightly higher in psychoticism (2.57) than those with intermediate (1.52) or short (1.25) sleep patterns. The dimension of cognitive boundaries was not related with any of these aspects. There was not any significant interaction between sleep quantity and sleep quality for the analyzed variables. This result highlights the need to evaluate sleep quantity as well as sleep quality, treating them as two relatively independent measures that provide complementary information. The highest scores of neuroticism of the group with the worse quality of sleep are consistent with recent reports showing that being worried or anxious disturbs the normal appearance of slow wave sleep (phases 3 and 4). The expression of this sleep phase is psychologically linked with sleep quality. On the other hand, it may be the case that the highest scores in psychoticism obtained by the subjects with long sleep pattern relate with the extra quantity of REM they obtain by sleeping a greater number of hours. This phase of sleep has been associated with mood regulation and psychological balance. In polysomnographic studies, subjects with long sleep pattern are characterized as having a greater quantity of phase 1, 2, and REM sleep and less quantities of slow wave sleep than the other sleep patterns. However, the present data are correlational and not casual. Thus, the mechanisms which could be influencing in the observed relationships are unknown. Similarly, it is unclear how sleep pattern differences might translate into psychological or biological changes which may affect personality, mood, or health. Future longitudinal research, including objective sleep measurements in healthy subjects, as well as in subjects with sleep disorders of different degrees, may contribute to the clarification of these mechanisms. In any case, sleep seems to be an excellent indicator of several psychological characteristics and so the consequences associated with models which deviate from the intermediate sleep pattern deserve to be taken seriously. It is also important to develop preventive and educational initiatives to optimize our sleeping habits.

A study on discriminant function of psychoticism in schizophrenics / 영남의대학술지

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of personality dimensions of schizophrenics. Subjects in this study were 71 chronic schizophrenics, 59 acute schizophrenics. and 87 normal persons. All subjects was asked to respond to EPQ(Korean Version Eysenck Personality Questionnaire). Collected data were analyzed by using the statistical techniques of discriminant function analysis, t-test and one-way -variable analysis. The results were as follows : Acute and chronic schizophrenics were higher than normal persons on psychoticism score. However, there was no significant difference between chronic and acute schizophrenics on the psychoticism score. Discriminant analysis was adopted to identify the scales in EPQ that were most effective in discriminating between normals and schizophrenics. Psychoticism of EPQ function was the most effective variable that discriminates between the normals and the schizophrenics.

A study on anxiety-depression and psychoticism in hospitalized patients / 영남의대학술지

The author studied the mental status of 497 patients admitted in non-psychiatric wards and 42 patients diagnosed as mental disorders by DSM-III-R criteria and admitted in three general hospitals located in Pusan city, using NADS and PSCS. The assessment were obtained from October, 1991 to March, 1992 and the results as follows: The mean±SD of Anxiety-Depression scores were 34.4±10.4 in non-psychiatric patients and 50.0±18.3 in psychiatric patients. The psychiatric group had significantly higher scores than non-psychiatric group. The mean±SD of Psychosis scores were 3.9±4.4 in non-psychiatric patients and 20.3±9.8 in psychiatric patients. The psychiatric group had significantly higher scores than non-psychiatric group. In the psychosocial factors, dissatisfaction in family atmosphere and acquaintanceship with parents (P<0.001, relatively), pessimistic in future, present and past self-images (P<0.001, relatively), and yes in previous psychiatric treatment of admission (p<0.01, relatively) had common significant relationships to Anxiety-Depression and Psychosis scores. There were correlationships between NADS scores and PSCS scores (γ=0.74), past and present self-images (γ=0.45), present and future self images (γ=0.45), past and future self-images (γ=0.34) and family atmosphere and acquaintanceship with parents (γ=0.49) The regression analysis revealed that present self-image, acquaintanceship with parents, future self-image, past self-image, and family atmosphere, in order of significance were to be descriptive or predicable variances for Anxiety-Depression status. The discriminant analysis according to Anxiety-Depression scores showed that the cases of incorrect classification were 22 for non-psychiatric patient group and 2 for psychiatric patient group.